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Family of operating systems for Macintosh computers

"Mac Os" redirects hither. For the original Apple operating system for Macs, encounter Archetype Mac OS. For the electric current Apple operating system for Macs, see macOS.

The family of Macintosh operating systems adult by Apple Inc. includes the graphical user interface-based operating systems it has designed for utilise with its Macintosh series of personal computers since 1984, every bit well as the related organisation software it in one case created for uniform third-party systems.

In 1984, Apple debuted the operating organisation that is at present known as the "Archetype" Mac OS with its release of the original Macintosh System Software. The organisation, rebranded "Mac OS" in 1996, was preinstalled on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on Macintosh clones for a brusk fourth dimension in the 1990s. Noted for its ease of use, information technology was likewise criticized for its lack of modern technologies compared to its competitors. [i] [2]

The electric current Mac operating system is macOS , originally named "Mac Os X" until 2012 and and then "Bone 10" until 2016. [iii] Developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple's purchase of Adjacent, Mac OS X brought an entirely new architecture based on NeXTSTEP, a Unix system, that eliminated many of the technical challenges that the classic Mac OS faced. The current macOS is preinstalled with every Mac and receives a major update annually. [4] Information technology is the ground of Apple's current organisation software for its other devices – iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS. [5]

Prior to the introduction of Mac OS 10, Apple experimented with several other concepts, releasing different products designed to bring the Macintosh interface or applications to Unix-like systems or vice versa, A/UX, MAE, and MkLinux. Apple's try to expand upon and develop a replacement for its classic Mac Bone in the 1990s led to a few cancelled projects, code named Star Trek, Taligent, and Copland.

Although they accept different architectures, the Macintosh operating systems share a common set of GUI principles, including a carte du jour bar across the elevation of the screen; the Finder shell, featuring a desktop metaphor that represents files and applications using icons and relates concepts like directories and file deletion to real-world objects like folders and a trash can; and overlapping windows for multitasking.

Classic Mac Bone [ edit ]

The "classic" Mac OS is the original Macintosh operating system that was introduced in 1984 alongside the start Macintosh and remained in primary utilize on Macs until the introduction of Mac Bone X in 2001. [6] [7]

Apple released the original Macintosh on January 24, 1984; its early system software was partially based on the Lisa Bone and the Xerox PARC Alto estimator, which former Apple tree CEO Steve Jobs previewed. [half dozen] Information technology was originally named "Organization Software", or only "Organisation"; Apple tree rebranded it as "Mac Os" in 1996 due in part to its Macintosh clone programme that ended a twelvemonth later. [viii]

Classic Mac Os is characterized by its monolithic design. Initial versions of the System Software run one application at a fourth dimension. Organization 5 introduced cooperative multitasking. Arrangement 7 supports 32-bit memory addressing and virtual memory, assuasive larger programs. Subsequently updates to the System vii enable the transition to the PowerPC compages. The system was considered user-friendly, but its architectural limitations were critiqued, such as express memory management, lack of protected memory and access controls, and susceptibility to conflicts among extensions. [two]

Releases [ edit ]

Nine major versions of the archetype Mac OS were released. The name "Classic" that now signifies the system every bit a whole is a reference to a compatibility layer that helped ease the transition to Mac Bone X. [9]

Mac OS X / OS X / macOS [ edit ]

macOS (originally named "Mac OS X" until 2012 and so "Os X" until 2016) [ten] is the current Mac operating system that officially succeeded the classic Mac OS in 2001.

Although the system was originally marketed as simply "version x" of Mac OS, it has a history that is largely independent of the archetype Mac Bone. It is a Unix-based operating system [eleven] [12] built on NeXTSTEP and other technology developed at Adjacent from the late 1980s until early 1997, when Apple purchased the company and its CEO Steve Jobs returned to Apple. [13] Precursors to the original release of Mac OS X include OPENSTEP, Apple's Rhapsody project, and the Mac OS X Public Beta.

macOS makes use of the BSD codebase and the XNU kernel, [14] and its core set of components is based upon Apple's open source Darwin operating organization.

macOS is the basis for some of Apple's other operating systems, including iPhone Bone/iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS.

Releases [ edit ]

Desktop [ edit ]

The commencement desktop version of the system was released on March 24, 2001, supporting the Aqua user interface. Since then, several more versions adding newer features and technologies have been released. Since 2011, new releases take been offered on an almanac footing. [4]

  • Mac Bone X 10.0 – lawmaking name "Cheetah", released to end users on Saturday, March 24, 2001
  • Mac Os X 10.1 – lawmaking name "Puma", released to end users on Tuesday, September 25, 2001
  • Mac Os Ten 10.2 – besides marketed as "Jaguar", released to end users on Friday, August 23, 2002
  • Mac OS X Panther – version ten.iii, released to terminate users on Fri, Oct 24, 2003
  • Mac OS Ten Tiger – version 10.4, released to end users on Friday, April 29, 2005
  • Mac OS X Leopard – version x.5, released to end users on Friday, Oct 26, 2007
  • Mac Os X Snowfall Leopard – version 10.six, publicly unveiled on Mon, June 8, 2009
  • Mac OS 10 Lion – version 10.7, released to end users on Wednesday, July xx, 2011
  • OS X Mountain Lion – version 10.viii, released to stop users on Wednesday, July 25, 2012
  • Os Ten Mavericks – version 10.9, released to end users on Tuesday, October 22, 2013
  • Bone X Yosemite – version 10.ten, released to finish users on Thursday, October xvi, 2014
  • OS 10 El Capitan – version 10.11, released to end users on Wednesday, September 30, 2015
  • macOS Sierra – version x.12, released to stop users on Tuesday, September 20, 2016
  • macOS High Sierra – version 10.13, released to end users on Monday, September 25, 2017
  • macOS Mojave – version x.14, released to end users on Monday, September 24, 2018
  • macOS Catalina – version x.xv, released to end users on Monday, October 7, 2019
  • macOS Large Sur – version 11, released to finish users on Thursday, November 12, 2020
  • macOS Monterey – version 12, released to terminate users on Monday, October 25, 2021

Server [ edit ]

An early server calculating version of the organization was released in 1999 as a technology preview. It was followed past several more than official server-based releases. Server functionality has instead been offered every bit an improver for the desktop organisation since 2011. [15]

Other projects [ edit ]

Shipped [ edit ]

A/ROSE [ edit ]

The Apple Real-time Operating System Environment (A/ROSE) was a small embedded operating system which ran on the Macintosh Coprocessor Platform, an expansion card for the Macintosh. The thought was to offering a single "overdesigned" hardware platform on which 3rd-political party vendors could build practically any product, reducing the otherwise heavy workload of developing a NuBus-based expansion card. The first version of the system was set up for use in February 1988. [16]

A/UX [ edit ]

Main article: A/UX

In 1988, Apple tree released its first UNIX-based Bone, A/UX, which was a UNIX operating organization with the Mac Os await and experience. It was not very competitive for its time, due in part to the crowded UNIX market and Macintosh hardware defective high-end pattern features nowadays on workstation-grade computers. A/UX had most of its success in sales to the U.S. government, where POSIX compliance was a requirement that Mac OS could not see. [17]

MAE [ edit ]

The Macintosh Application Environment (MAE) was a software package introduced by Apple tree in 1994 that allowed users of certain Unix-based computer workstations to run Apple tree Macintosh awarding software. MAE used the X Window System to emulate a Macintosh Finder-way graphical user interface. The terminal version, MAE 3.0, was compatible with Organization 7.5.3. MAE was bachelor for Sun Microsystems SPARCstation and Hewlett-Packard systems. It was discontinued on May 14, 1998. [18]

MkLinux [ edit ]

Appear at the 1996 Worldwide Developers Briefing (WWDC), MkLinux is an open source operating organization that was started past the OSF Research Institute and Apple in Feb 1996 to port Linux to the PowerPC platform, and thus Macintosh computers. In mid 1998, the community-led MkLinux Developers Association took over development of the operating organisation. MkLinux is brusque for "Microkernel Linux," which refers to the project'south adaptation of the Linux kernel to run equally a server hosted atop the Mach microkernel. MkLinux is based on version 3.0 of Mach. [19]

Cancelled [ edit ]

Star Trek [ edit ]

Star Trek (every bit in "to boldly go where no Mac has gone before") was a relatively unknown secret prototype beginning in 1992, whose goal was to create a version of the archetype Mac OS that would run on Intel-compatible x86 personal computers. In partnership with Apple and with support from Intel, the projection was instigated past Novell, which was looking to integrate its DR-DOS with the Mac OS GUI every bit a common response to the monopoly of Microsoft's Windows 3.0 and MS-DOS. A team consisting of four from Apple and four from Novell was able to get the Macintosh Finder and some bones applications such equally QuickTime, running smoothly on the x86 architecture. The project was canceled a year after in early 1993, but some of the code was later reused when porting the Mac OS to PowerPC. [20] [21]

Taligent [ edit ]

Taligent (a portmanteau of "talent" and "intelligent") was the name of an object-oriented operating organization and the visitor dedicated to producing information technology. Started every bit a projection inside Apple tree to provide a replacement for the classic Mac OS, it was later spun off into a joint venture with IBM equally function of the AIM alliance, with the purpose of building a competing platform to Microsoft Cairo and NeXTSTEP. The development process never worked, and Taligent is often cited as an instance of a projection death march. Apple tree pulled out of the project in 1995 before the lawmaking had been delivered. [22]

Copland [ edit ]

Copland was a project at Apple tree to create an updated version of the classic Mac OS. It was to have introduced protected retentiveness, preemptive multitasking and a number of new underlying operating system features, yet still be compatible with existing Mac software. Equally originally planned, a follow-up release known as "Gershwin" would add multithreading and other avant-garde features. New features were added more than chop-chop than they could be completed, and the completion date slipped into the future with no sign of a release. In 1996, Apple decided to cancel the project outright and observe a suitable third-party system to supplant it. Copland development ended in August 1996, and in December 1996, Apple announced that it was ownership NeXT for its NeXTSTEP operating system. [23]

Timeline [ edit ]

Timeline of Macintosh operating systems
ARM architecture family X86 PowerPC 68k MacBook Air (Apple silicon) iMac Pro Retina MacBook Pro MacBook Air Apple–Intel architecture Power Mac G5 Power Mac G4 iMac G3 Power Macintosh Macintosh Quadra Macintosh Portable Macintosh SE/30 Macintosh II Macintosh Plus Macintosh 128K A/UX A/UX A/UX macOS Monterey macOS Big Sur macOS Catalina macOS Mojave macOS High Sierra macOS Sierra OS X El Capitan OS X Yosemite OS X Mavericks OS X Mountain Lion Mac OS X Lion Mac OS X Snow Leopard Mac OS X Leopard Mac OS X Tiger Mac OS X Panther Mac OS X 10.2 Mac OS X 10.1 Mac OS X 10.0 Mac OS X Public Beta Mac OS X Server 1.0 MacWorks XL MacWorks XL Sun Remarketing MacWorks XL Mac OS 9 Mac OS 9 Mac OS 9 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 8 System 7 System 7 System 7 System 7 System 6 Classic Mac OS Classic Mac OS Classic Mac OS Classic Mac OS System 1 Finder (software) Finder (software) Finder (software) Finder (software) Finder (software) Finder (software) Finder (software)

[ edit ]

Before the arrival of the Macintosh in 1984, Apple'due south history of operating systems began with its Apple II series computers in 1977, which ran Apple DOS, ProDOS, and later GS/Os; the Apple III in 1980, which ran Apple SOS; and the Apple Lisa in 1983, which ran Lisa Os and later MacWorks XL, a Macintosh emulator. Apple also developed the Newton Bone for its Newton personal digital assistant from 1993 to 1997.

In recent years, Apple has also launched several new operating systems based on the core of macOS, including iOS in 2007 for its iPhone, iPad, and iPod Affect mobile devices and in 2017 for its HomePod smart speakers; watchOS in 2015 for the Apple Picket; tvOS in 2015 for the Apple TV prepare-top box.

Encounter also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ Gruber, John (January 21, 2009). "Three things Os X could larn from the Classic Mac Os". Macworld . Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved September thirteen, 2016.
  2. ^ a b Hertzfeld, Andy. "The Original Macintosh: Mea Culpa". folklore.org . Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
  3. ^ Siracusa, John (March 24, 2006). "Five years of Mac OS X". Ars Technica . Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on June 25, 2009. Retrieved Apr fifteen, 2009. Fifty-fifty Steve Jobs still says "ecks" instead of "ten" sometimes.
  4. ^ a b Gruber, John. "Mountain Panthera leo". Daring Fireball . Archived from the original on August eleven, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
  5. ^ Honan, Matthew (January 9, 2007). "Apple unveils iPhone". Macworld . Archived from the original on Apr fifteen, 2008. Retrieved January sixteen, 2010.
  6. ^ a b Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0 . No Starch Press. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved Oct i, 2016.
  7. ^ "The Macintosh Product Introduction Program". Stanford Academy Libraries & Bookish Data Resource. Stanford University. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010.
  8. ^ Gruman, Galen (November 1997). "Why Apple Pulled the Plug". Macworld . Vol. 14, no. 11. pp. 31–36.
  9. ^ "A Brief History of the Classic Mac Bone". Low End Mac . Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved Oct 1, 2016.
  10. ^ "What is an operating system (OS)?". Apple Inc. July xv, 2004. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved September half dozen, 2014.
  11. ^ "Mac OS X and Unix" (PDF). Apple Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  12. ^ "macOS version 10.12 Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers". The Open Group. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  13. ^ "Apple tree Reckoner, Inc. Agrees to Learn Next Software Inc". Apple tree Reckoner. Dec 20, 1996. Archived from the original on January sixteen, 1999.
  14. ^ "Mac OS X: What is BSD?". Apple tree Inc. Archived from the original on Feb 19, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  15. ^ "Apple Releases Developer Preview of Mac Os X Lion" (Press release). Apple tree Inc. Feb 24, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  16. ^ "Inside the Macintosh Coprocessor Platform and A/ROSE". Archived from the original on October xv, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  17. ^ Crabb, Don (August x, 1992). "Apple finally gets Unix right with A/UX 3.0". InfoWorld . pp. 68–69. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved Oct one, 2016.
  18. ^ "MAE screenshots". Archived from the original on January 24, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  19. ^ Barbou des Places, François; Stephen, Nick; Reynolds, Franklin D. (January 12, 1996). "Linux on the OSF Mach3 microkernel". Grenoble and Cambridge: OSF Research Found. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  20. ^ Hormby, Tom (2005). "Star Expedition: Apple'southward Beginning Mac OS on Intel Project". Depression End Mac . Archived from the original on November 2, 2015. Retrieved November x, 2015.
  21. ^ Linzmayer, Owen W. (1999). Apple Confidential . San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press. ISBN 9781886411289 . OCLC245921029. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  22. ^ "Apple surrenders the Pinkish (to Microsoft) Archived August ten, 2017, at the Wayback Machine", The Register , October 3, 2008.
  23. ^ Widman, Jake (October 9, 2008). "Lessons Learned: Information technology'due south Biggest Project Failures". PCWorld . Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved Oct 23, 2012.

External links [ edit ]

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